-
论文写作时态与语态转换方法
论文写作规范的考试政策是很多考生和家长关心的事。学术写作讲究言之有物，时态和语态的正确使用能让表述更加精准，现在时常用于研究介绍，过去时记录实验过程，今天小编就来详细讲解这些写作技巧的应用方法。感到兴趣的网友与小编继续往下看吧
主动语态-主语为行动的实施方。
被动语态-主语为行动的接收方。
在撰写科学论文时我们会使用各种各样的时态。下面是一些在不同时态下使用主动语态和被动语态的例子：
1.现在时-通常在概论，讨论和结论中使用的时态
Example 1:
Active: Vitamin A increases the risk of hair loss.
Passive: The risk of hair loss is increased by vitamin A.
Example 2:
Active: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from industries and vehicleexhausts can induce a series of environmental problems, including photochemicalsmog, broken ozonosphere, and environmental pollution.
Passive: A series of environmental problems, including photochemical smog,broken ozonosphere, and environmental pollution, can be induced by volatileorganic compounds (VOCs) emitted from industries and vehicle exhausts.
2.现在时-通常在目标中使用的时态
Example 1:
Active: In this study, we present our design of an electric hot water tank.
Passive: In this study, a design of an electric hot water tank is presented.
Example 2:
Active: This study develops an efficient methodology to examine a space–timecontinuous dataset for urban irrigation water use.
Passive: An efficient methodology to examine a space–time continuous datasetfor urban irrigation water use is developed in this study.
3.现在完成时-通常在概论，讨论和总结中使用的时态
Example 1:
Active: Previous studies have used comparative analysis of ORF2 sequences toelucidate phylogenetic relationships among different FCV isolates.
Passive: Comparative analysis of ORF2 sequences has been used in previousstudies to elucidate phylogenetic relationships among different FCV isolates.
Example 2:
Active: only a small number of empirical studies have focused on the patternsand mechanisms behind disease clusters at small spatial scales, especially inwild host–pathogen systems [2].
Passive: The patterns and mechanisms behind disease clusters at small spatialscales, especially in wild host–pathogen systems, have been focused on by onlya small number of empirical studies [2].
4.过去时：通常用于材料与方法/结果
Example 1:
Active: We determined the presence of larvae by dip netting.
Passive: The presence of larvae was determined by dip netting.
Example 2:
Active: We evaluated the number of haplotypes (h), haplotypes (Hd), andnucleotides (π) using the DnaSP 5.10 program [3].
Passive: The number of haplotypes (h), haplotypes (Hd), and nucleotides (π) wasevaluated using the DnaSP 5.10 program [3].
Example 3:
Active: We found a strong correlation between above-ground and below-groundbiomass accumulation in Platanus occidentalis.
Passive: A strong correlation was found between above-ground and below-groundbiomass accumulation in Platanus occidentalis.
论文结构组织与表达技巧
撰写论文的核心目的不只是展示事实和观点。论文可传递给读者—使你的研究得到充分的交流并帮助读者理解自己正在面临的问题。本文将向你介绍并说明组织论文的各种方法，以使读者在读完论文后，能够领会其中的最重要信息 ，亦即你想传达的信息。
良好论文结构的原则
撰写论文时必须牢记的关键点是：读者对论文不只是简单的阅读，而是解读。由于不同读者的期望或从论文结构中获得的信息不同，可能会从你的论文中获得不同的解读。由此我们可得出良好写作方法所应依据的原则：
1、撰写论文应以读者为中心
作为一名优秀的作者，在撰写论文时应将读者放在首位。一篇结构清晰的论文可帮助你流畅地表达思想并告诉读者论文各部分所提供的信息。
2、撰写论文面向不同的读者群
优秀的作者可清楚地了解不同的读者群对论文的期望并按照读者的期望和背景组织论文结构。即使是缺乏专业知识的普通读者也应该能够充分理解你的研究工作和目的。
3、清晰地定义关键术语
尤其是不常用或预计读者会陌生的术语。如果只有本领域的专业人员才能读懂你的论文，那么你的论文将不会被大量读者所阅读。将读者引导到你的研究问题或理论上来。不要想当然的认为读者了解研究主题的所有方面。